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Showing posts with label Class Actions. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Class Actions. Show all posts

Friday, 6 January 2017

The Court of Appeal reasons that in Quebec, Foss v. Harbottle stands on two legs

By Edward Béchard-Torres

In Groupe d’action d’investisseurs dans Biosyntech v. Tsang, 2016 QCCA1923, the Quebec Court of Appeal has re-affirmed that a shareholder has no direct cause of action against a director for loss of share value flowing from harm done to the company.

While the result is hardly ground-breaking – it simply reflects the 19th century Foss v. Harbottle rule, well-known in common law jurisdictions – the Court of Appeal justifies its conclusion on the civilian premise that the only damages that are actionable are those that are the “immediate and direct consequence” of a wrongful act.

This ruling also demonstrates the extent to which an authorization to institute class proceedings can be denied “based purely on a meticulous analysis of the legal argument under-pinning the factual allegations”.[1]

Context

The shareholders of BioSyntech Inc. had lost the value of their shares when the company went bankrupt. A group of shareholders blamed the company’s bankruptcy on the company’s former directors, who had allegedly:

(1)  Failed to disclose results of a pivotal clinical trial;
(2) Failed to reduce the excessive rate at which BioSyntech’s cash was being depleted;
(3)  Failed to diligently pursue opportunities to obtain additional financing; and had
(4)  Filed a notice of intention under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (“B.I.A.”), sending BioSyntech into an avoidable bankruptcy.

In bankruptcy proceedings before the Superior Court, the shareholders had admitted that the damages they claimed were indirect. The directors’ alleged wrongdoing only caused direct damage to BioSyntech, “and this damage, in turn, caused the loss of share value claimed by the shareholders”.[2]

Justice Hamilton denied authorization at first instance. He recognized an “ongoing debate” as to whether shareholders might possess a direct cause of action against directors for a breach of their duty of care under section 122 b) of the Canada Business Corporations Act.[3] However, in light of the indirect nature of the damages claimed, the first instance judge was of the view that the shareholders had failed to demonstrate that the alleged facts seem to justify the conclusions sought.[4]

No recovery for “indirect” damage

The appeal was dismissed. In Schrager J.A.’s view, the shareholders’ claim must flounder because article 1607 of the Civil Code of Quebec “only permits recovery of damage which is the direct consequence of a harmful act”.[5]

Indirect damage, in his words, is not the injury “caused by the act of the wrongdoer, but rather is caused by the damage which the wrongdoer caused”.[6] In this case, the loss of share value was indirect, since:

[23] […] the damages […] were not caused directly by the directors alleged breach of their duty of care by not obtaining, for example, adequate financing for BioSyntech. That alleged fault might (arguably) have caused (in whole or in part) the insolvency and inability of BioSyntech to pursue its business. It is the insolvency which caused the shares to lose their value so that such damage would be caused indirectly to the shareholders by the directors.

This civilian argument – relying as it does on article 1607 of the Civil Code of Quebec – essentially replicates the Foss v. Harbottle rule well-known in common law jurisdictions. As such, “individual shareholders have no cause of action in law for any wrongs done to the corporation and that if an action is to be brought in respect of such losses, it must be brought either by the corporation itself (through management) or by way of a derivative action”.[7]

This rule is a “consequence of the fact that a corporation is a separate legal entity”.[8] Moreover, as a matter of policy, in the absence of Foss v. Harbottle:

[25] […] shareholders could potentially sue where a company would also have a right of action against the same wrongdoer who would become liable to compensate both the shareholders and the company for their losses. If only the company sues then all its stakeholders benefit; the proceeds of the lawsuit are notionally used by the company to pay the creditors and any surplus enhances shareholder value. Without the rule, which is the scenario put forward by Appellants, the shareholders would jump the queue or the order of priority under the B.I.A. and be paid before creditors for prejudice suffered by the company.

The Court of Appeal added that there was “really nothing” in either of the Supreme Court of Canada’s leading decisions in Peoples Department Stores Inc. (Trustee of) v. Wise and BCE Inc. v. 1976 Debentureholders that suggests “that a breach of the duty of care entitles shareholders to recover compensation from directors for indirect injury”.[9]

Schrager J.A. nevertheless recognized that, in some circumstances, the loss of share value can be a direct injury, independent from damage suffered by the company.

In Houle v. Banque Canadienne Nationale, for instance, shareholders “successfully sued the company’s banker for damage caused by the bank which abruptly and negligently called for repayment of the company’s borrowings”,[10] thereby harming the shareholders who were then in the process of selling their shares. The damage suffered by a shareholder would also be direct and independent in the case where a shareholder:

[31] […] purchases his shares based on the negligent or fraudulent misrepresentation of directors. Such a scenario causes the shareholder to have parted with his money and buy worthless shares and thus, suffers harm independent from the company giving rise to a good cause of action against directors for damages directly suffered by the shareholder.[11]

In this case, the alleged damage was indirect and therefore not actionable.

The Court of Appeal chose not to wade too heavily into the “ongoing debate” over whether the Supreme Court of Canada’s leading decisions in Peoples and BCE contemplate a direct cause of action for shareholders against directors and officers for a breach of their duty of care. On this point, Schrager J.A. limited himself to saying that the “facts of the matters before the Supreme Court did not strictly require consideration of whether shareholders are included in “stakeholders” to whom directors owed their duty of care under Section 122 b) C.B.C.A.”.[12]

Alternative recourse?

Finally, Schrager J.A. turned to the question of what other recourses may have been open to the shareholders, faced as they were with the bankruptcy trustee’s refusal to institute proceedings against the directors on behalf of the company.

He chose not to opine on the question of whether the shareholders could have sought an order against the trustee to “reverse or modify the act or decision complained of”, pursuant to section 37 of the B.I.A.  He also declined to decide whether, pursuant to section 38 of the B.I.A., the shareholders could have obtained an order authorizing them to exercise the company’s rights of action. Lastly, while an action in oppression against the directors pursuant to section 241 C.B.C.A. was theoretically possible, courts have split on the question of whether or not an action in oppression could be authorized as a class action. The former, after all, “is already representative in nature in that it provides a potential remedy not only to the petitioner but to all shareholders of a class who suffer from the oppressive conduct”.[13]

Unfortunately for the rest of us, these legal questions were not deserving of the same “meticulous analysis” at the authorization stage!



[1] BioSyntech, at para. 33.
[2] BioSyntech, at para. 32.
[3] BioSyntech, at para. 21.
[4] As is required by article 1003, sub-paragraph b) of the former (and governing) Code of Civil Procedure, a condition which remains unchanged in the corresponding article 575(2) of the new Code of Civil Procedure.
[5] BioSyntech, at para. 22
[6] BioSyntech, at para. 23.
[7] Hercules Managements Ltd. v. Ernst & Young, 1997 CanLII 345 (SCC), [1997] 2 S.C.R. 165, at para. 59.
[8] Ibid, citing Prudential Assurance Co. v. Newman Industries Ltd. (No. 2), [1982] 1 All E.R. 354, at p. 367.
[9] BioSyntech, at para. 26.
[10] BioSyntech, at para. 30.
[11] BioSyntech, at para. 31.
[12] BioSyntech, at para. 21.
[13] BioSyntech, at para. 41, citing Fradet c. Société Asbestos ltée, 1990 CanLII 3345 (QC CA), at para. 59, Noble v. North Halton Golf and Country Club, 2016 ONSC 2962 (CanLII), Stern v. Imasco Ltd., 1999 CanLII 14934 (ONSC), and Jellema v. American Bullion Minerals Ltd., 2010 BCCA 495, at paras. 21-25.

Friday, 2 December 2016

LA PERMISSION D’APPEL D’UNE AUTORISATION D’ACTION COLLECTIVE: LA BARRE EST HAUTE!


Par Maria Braker

Le 22 novembre 2016, la Cour d’appel rendait trois arrêts établissant et illustrant les critères pour l’octroi de la permission d’en appeler d’un jugement autorisant l’exercice d’une action collective.

La Cour d’appel, sous la plume du juge Chamberland, formule le test pour l’octroi de la permission comme suit :

[59] Le juge accordera la permission de faire appel lorsque le jugement lui paraîtra comporter à sa face même une erreur déterminante concernant l’interprétation des conditions d’exercice de l’action collective ou l’appréciation des faits relatifs à ces conditions, ou encore, lorsqu’il s’agira d’un cas flagrant d’incompétence de la Cour supérieure.[1]

Le juge Chamberland retrace d’abord l’historique législatif de ce droit d’appel. Il faut savoir qu’avant la réforme de 2016 du Code de procédure civile, le défendeur ne pouvait pas faire appel du jugement autorisant l’exercice du recours collectif. Le requérant à qui l’exercice d’un recours collectif avait été refusé avait, pour sa part, un droit d’appel de plein droit.

Or, le nouvel article 578 n.C.p.c. prévoit un droit d’appel pour le défendeur, bien que sur permission. Cet article est ainsi libellé:

578. Le jugement qui autorise l’exercice de l’action collective n’est sujet à appel que sur permission d’un juge de la Cour d’appel. Celui qui refuse l’autorisation est sujet à appel de plein droit par le demandeur ou, avec la permission d’un juge de la Cour d’appel, par un membre du groupe pour le compte duquel la demande d’autorisation a été présentée.
L’appel est instruit et jugé en priorité.

Le juge Chamberland décrit ce changement législatif dans les termes suivants :

[53]    Bien que l’asymétrie demeure – appel de plein droit pour l’un, appel sur permission pour l’autre –, l’objectif du législateur semble donc de rééquilibrer les droits des parties tout en maintenant un certain contrôle sur l’appel.

Se penchant d’avantage sur les différents tests possibles pour l’octroi de la permission d’appel de l’article 578 n.C.p.c., le juge Chamberland conclut que les critères applicables ne devraient être ni ceux de l’article 30 al. 2 n.C.p.c. (énumération de huit jugements qui mettent fin à une instance et dont l’appel est tout de même assujetti à une permission), ni ceux de l’article 31 n.C.p.c. (jugements rendus en cours d’instance), ni ceux de l’article 32 n.C.p.c. (mesures de gestion relatives au déroulement de l’instance).

Selon le juge Chamberland, l’article 578 n.C.p.c. commande l’aménagement d’un test qui lui est propre.

Après avoir analysé l’intention du législateur liée à un droit d’appel asymétrique, le juge Chamberland détermine que l’appel sur permission doit être réservé aux cas exceptionnels.

Il élabore donc le test cité au début de ce billet, remarquant que ce test n’est pas indument souple, et permet d’éviter le gaspillage des ressources en cas d’une action collective fondée sur une base erronée :

[60]    Ce test est fidèle à l’ intention du législateur voulant que l’appel ne porte que sur les conditions d’exercice de l’action collective. Il est de nature à écarter les appels inutiles ou ne portant que sur des éléments accessoires, sans incidence sur l’autorisation d’exercer l’action collective. Il est respectueux de la discrétion du juge qui a autorisé l’action collective. Il n’est pas à ce point souple qu’il alourdirait indirectement le fardeau de ceux qui cherchent à exercer une action collective et à la mener à terme dans des délais raisonnables. Il permet aussi d’assurer qu’une action collective ne procède pas sur une base erronée, évitant ainsi aux parties d’être entrainées dans un débat judiciaire, long et coûteux.

Appliquant le nouveau test, la Cour d’appel rejette les requêtes pour permission d’appeler dans les trois affaires dont elle était saisie, estimant que les jugements de première instance ne contiennent pas d’erreur déterminante concernant l’interprétation des conditions d’exercice de l’action collective.

Dans l’affaire Centrale des syndicats du Québec c. Allen, il était question de l’éclosion de légionellose dans la région de Québec entre les mois de juillet et octobre 2012.

La Cour est d’avis que la demanderesse pouvait légitimement soulever la commission d’une faute par la Centrale des syndicats du Québec, propriétaire de l’immeuble, dont les tours de refroidissement, où la légionellose se serait développée.

La Cour tranche qu’il y avait également suffisamment d’éléments allégués contre le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux de la Capitale nationale et de son directeur, responsables de gestion de santé publique.

En ce qui concerne la Procureure générale du Québec, qui soulevait une immunité législative sans que cette dernière ne soit claire et expresse, la Cour estime qu’il convenait de réserver au juge du fond le soin de trancher cette question

Dans l’affaire Énergie éolienne des Moulins, s.e.c. c. Labranche, il était question de la responsabilité civile et des troubles de voisinage découlant de la construction et de l’exploitation d’un parc éolien de 59 éoliennes reparties sur un vaste territoire.

La Cour considère qu’à sa face même, le fait qu’il y ait une multitude de sources de troubles de voisinage, plutôt qu’une seule source, ne constitue pas un obstacle fatal à l’exercice d’une action collective.

En ce qui concerne les arguments avancés par Hydro-Québec, la Cour décide que l’importante valeur des réclamations individuelles ne suffit pas pour écarter la possibilité d’une action collective.

Finalement, dans l’affaire DuProprio inc. c. Fédération des chambres immobilières du Québec (FCIQ), il était question des publicités et commentaires faits à propos des services offerts par les courtiers immobiliers et des frais qui sont associés à ces services.

La Cour d’appel énonce que l’injonction est une voie de redressement efficace pour résoudre un problème de publicité déloyale et que rien n’empêche qu’une action collective soit de nature purement injonctive.

Pour les avocats en défense désirant porter en appel un jugement autorisant l’exercice d’une action collective, il ressort donc des enseignements de la Cour d’appel dans ces trois arrêts que, bien qu’il soit désormais possible de tenter d’obtenir la permission pour un tel appel, la barre demeure très haute.



[1] Centrale des syndicats du Québec c. Allen, 2016 QCCA 1878 par. 59, Énergie éolienne des Moulins, s.e.c. c. Labranche, 2016 QCCA 1879, par. 8, DuProprio inc. c. Fédération des chambres immobilières du Québec (FCIQ), 2016 QCCA 1880, par. 7;

Friday, 4 November 2016

« To be or not to be ? »: la nécessité d’une autorisation d’exercer une action collective

Par Eleni Yiannakis

Dans l’arrêt récent, Charles c. Boiron Canada inc.[1] rendu le 26 octobre 2016, la Cour d’appel rappelle les principes régissant les demandes d’autorisation d’exercer des actions collectives. Cet arrêt est rendu dans la foulée de l’affaire Sibiga c. Fido Solutions inc.[2] qui abonde dans le même sens. 

Dans Boiron, la Cour d’appel accueille l’appel et autorise l’institution de l’action collective.  Essentiellement, l’appelante soutient que l’Oscillo, présenté comme un produit homéopathique pour le traitement de la fièvre et des symptômes de la grippe, n’est en réalité qu’un produit qui ne serait rien d’autre qu’un placebo composé à 85 % de sucrose et 15 % de lactose.  Elle se dit donc victime de fausses représentations.

La Cour d’appel conclut que le juge de première instance s’est livré à une analyse trop poussée qu’elle assimile à une étude au fond du dossier. En effet, la Cour affirme que plutôt que de vérifier si les allégations pouvaient être confirmées par les pièces, le juge de première instance s’est livré à un processus d’évaluation. La Cour rappelle qu’au stade de l’autorisation, le rôle du juge devrait se limiter à déterminer si les allégations tenues pour avérées soutiennent prima facie le syllogisme juridique proposé par la partie requérante. La Cour d’appel fait aussi un rappel concernant les principes régissant la qualité de représentant et rappelle que le seuil qui doit être satisfait est minimal.

Par contre, l’intérêt particulier de cet arrêt réside dans les commentaires émis à la fin par la juge Marie-France Bich qui remet en question la nécessité du processus d’autorisation :

[71] L’action collective (désormais régie par les art. 574 et s. du nouveau Code de procédure civile) n’est plus une institution procédurale nouvelle, elle a conquis ses galons, elle est connue et bien intégrée au processus judiciaire : a-t-on toujours besoin que la porte d’entrée soit verrouillée et doive être déverrouillée au cas par cas, de cette manière? Et, parlant de porte, le « seuil peu élevé » que décrit la Cour suprême, notamment dans l’arrêt Infineon, justifie-t-il que l’on consacre autant d’efforts et de ressources à cette pré-instance? S’il ne s’agit que d’écarter les actions manifestement mal fondées ou frivoles à leur lecture même, ne serait-il pas opportun de laisser la fonction au domaine ordinaire de l’irrecevabilité ou à celui de l’abus au sens des articles 51 et s. C.p.c. (précédemment art. 54 et s. C.p.c.).

[72] En pratique, par ailleurs, le processus d'autorisation préalable de l'action collective, dans son cadre actuel, consomme des ressources judiciaires importantes, dont la rareté s'accommode mal de ce qui paraît un déploiement d'efforts sans proportion avec le résultat atteint, qui s'obtient au prix d'un engorgement difficilement supportable. C'est également, un processus coûteux pour les parties, lent (parfois même interminable), donnant lieu à des débats qui, dans la plupart des cas, seront de toute façon repris sur le fond si l'action est autorisée et généreront encore diverses disputes interlocutoires. Et ceci sans parler du droit d'appel qui coiffe le tout, multipliant les occasions de faire durer les préliminaires, un droit d'appel que le législateur, pour d'insaisissables raisons, a récemment choisi d'élargir.

[73] L'action collective se veut un moyen de faciliter l'accès à la justice alors que, trop souvent, paradoxalement, le processus d'autorisation préalable, dans sa forme actuelle, entrave cet accès. Et lorsqu'il n'est pas une entrave, il est une formalité dont les coûts exorbitants ébranlent la raison d'être ou encore une sorte de mondanité procédurale ne permettant pas un filtrage efficace. Dans tous les cas, il engendre une insatisfaction généralisée, pour ne pas dire - et j'ose le mot - une frustration, qui résonne dans tout le système judiciaire. Certains profitent peut-être de l'affaire (on ne compte plus les dénonciations de l'« industrie » de l'action collective, nouvel avatar de l'« ambulance chasing »), mais cela ne saurait justifier le statu quo.

[74] L’on rétorquera que si les choses ont tourné ainsi, c’est que les dispositions législatives, qui reposent sur des fondements théoriquement solides, sont mal comprises ou mal appliquées. Cela est possible, je le concède, mais l’affirmation ne résout rien. Je serais de mon côté portée à dire que si la pratique, après 38 ans, n’arrive pas à donner vie à la théorie, c’est que la théorie est défaillante ou dépassée ou que le modèle qui prétend l’incarner a besoin d’être non pas simplement rafistolé ou retouché, mais carrément rénové. J’évoque plus haut la possibilité que le processus d’autorisation soit supprimé ou, mieux peut-être, intégré à l’instance elle-même, mais d’autres, avec lesquels on pourrait tout aussi bien être d’accord, suggèrent plutôt de le renforcer, pour lui donner le mordant qu’on lui a jusqu’ici refusé. Quoi qu’il en soit, il serait temps que le législateur se penche sur la question et l’on s’étonne d’ailleurs que la chose n’ait pas été au programme de la dernière réforme du Code de procédure civile.

[nos soulignés]

La question soulevée par la juge sur la nécessité d’obtenir l’autorisation d’exercer l’action collective est intéressante. La juge se fonde notamment sur les coûts significatifs et les ressources judiciaires importantes qui sont consommées dans le cadre de ces demandes d’autorisation pour remettre en question leur utilité.  

Cependant, dans le cadre de la réforme du Code de procédure civile, très peu de changements ont été apportés au régime des actions collectives. En effet, sur le fond, les critères d’autorisation sont demeurés les mêmes. Le législateur a donc choisi de conserver l’étape de l’autorisation et par conséquent une analyse des critères demeure indispensable. Ainsi, le fardeau pour obtenir l’autorisation reste avec la partie requérante qui doit convaincre le tribunal qu’elle satisfait aux critères. La proposition de la juge d’effectuer le filtrage des actions collectives par le biais de requête en irrecevabilité impliquerait nécessairement un déplacement du fardeau de preuve vers la partie intimée. Est-ce qu’un tel déplacement du fardeau serait justifié?


La question reste ouverte et il est certain qu’elle sera débattue tant par les avocats que par les juges : To be or not to be : that is the question!



[1] Charles c. Boiron Canada inc. 2016 QCCA 1716.
[2] Sibiga c. Fido Solutions inc., 2016 QCCA 1299.

Friday, 2 September 2016

How Representative Do You Have To Be?

By Catherine McKenzie
In the last couple of years, there have been a series of judgments in Quebec on the certification of class actions which have denied certification in part because of the quality of the proposed representative plaintiff. An example of such a judgment – and one that contained important statements regarding the appropriate role of counsel in class actions – was Justice Yergeau’s decision in Sibiga v. Fido Solutions, (2014) QCCS 3235. That decision has been overturned in the recent decision of the Court of Appeal in Sibiga v. Fido Solutions inc. (2016 QCCA 1299) penned by Justice Kasirer.

That decision overturned Justice Yergeau’s analysis (which had been rendered before the Supreme Court’s decision in Infineon) on several issues, but the one that I will concentrate on here regards the representative Plaintiff.

The background of this case is well summarized by the Court of Appeal:
[17]      The appellant is a Quebec consumer who has a wireless telephone contract with Fido Solutions Inc. In September 2012, she used her mobile phone on approximately six occasions to access the Google Map service through the internet while travelling on holiday in the United States. She had chosen not to avail herself of a pre-paid travel plan offered by Fido that would have entitled her to a reduced rate for roaming mobile data services outside of Canada. As a result, she was billed on a pay-per-use basis for 40.82 megabytes (MB) of roaming data used at a rate of $6.14 per MB. According to her monthly account summary, she owed $250.81 for the roaming data used in the United States in addition to the amount of her usual monthly invoice.
[18]      The appellant says she was disagreeably surprised at the additional amount charged at the time but paid it without complaint.
[19]      In December 2012, she received a mass email from the law offices of Trudel & Johnston announcing that the Montreal firm had undertaken an investigation of international roaming fees charged to Quebec consumers using their wireless mobile devices. The firm had been examining the viability of a consumer class action based on unfair international roaming fees before they met the appellant. The email invited consumers who had received bills they considered to be excessive to contact the firm. The appellant did so shortly thereafter.
[20]      With Trudel & Johnston acting on her behalf, the appellant filed a motion for authorization to institute a class action and obtain the status of representative in the Superior Court on January 8, 2013. The named defendants were Fido, Rogers Communications Partnership, Bell Mobility Inc. and Telus Communications Company.
[21]      In the motion, the appellant alleges that the respondents had charged international roaming fees to Quebec consumers that are disproportionate and exploitative, in violation of section 8 of the Consumer Protection Act. The contracts between consumers and the named wireless service providers are also alleged to be abusive within the meaning of article 1437 C.C.Q. The core claim of the class action is stated in paragraph 2.19: “[…] the available evidence at this stage clearly demonstrates that the underlying cost of providing international mobile roaming data represents a minuscule fraction of the retail rates charged by the Respondents and that such retail rates are disproportionate, exploitative, and abusive”.
[22]      The appellant claimed that the facts alleged gave her an individual right of action, as a consumer, against Fido, the wireless service provider with whom she was a subscriber, and also gave rise to actions on behalf of class members who contracted with the other respondents. (Rogers and Fido are related companies). The class is described in the motion as follows:
Tous les consommateurs qui résident au Québec et à qui les Intimés ont chargé des frais d'itinérance pour les données à un taux excédant 5,00 $ par mégaoctet après le 8 janvier 2010. 
All consumers residing in Quebec who were charged international mobile data roaming fees by the Respondents at a rate higher than $5.00 per megabyte after January 8, 2010.
[23]      By way of redress on the merits, the appellant sought a declaration that international mobile data roaming fees charged by the respondents violate the CPA and article 1437 C.C.Q. She sought to reduce the amounts payable for the international roaming fees to an amount equal to their fair market value as well as an order to compensate her and other members of the class for the amounts overcharged. Finally, she asked for collective recovery of punitive damages. (Our emphasis)

Justice Yergeau had found that the proposed representative plaintiff could not adequately represent the group because of the manner in which she had been recruited to serve as representative plaintiff and her lack of knowledge regarding the claim:

[98]      The judge found that the appellant was not in a position to represent members of the class adequately for two reasons. First, she had an insufficient interest in the suit because of the lead taken by counsel in planning and instituting the class action. The judge read the reference to adequate representation in article 1003(d) as an indication by the legislature that the role of the representative must be “au-delà de la simple figuration” (para. [140]) and more than a “simple présence passive” (para. [148]). The lawyers recruited the appellant and, according to the judge’s view of things, she would not have any meaningful authority to withdraw their mandate if she lost confidence in their conduct of the case. Secondly, he found that the appellant lacked competence to act as representative for the class as a whole. Her testimony during the examination on discovery indicated that she has an insufficient understanding of the class action that had been instituted in her name. The judge made special mention of one of her answers suggesting she did not understand the calculation of $5 per MB charged that is the basic measure for membership in the class.
Justice Kasirer agreed with the Appellant that these were not sufficient reasons to find that the proposed representative wasn’t adequate. On the issue of class counsel’s role, Justice Kasirer wrote:
[102]    While it is not inappropriate to be mindful of possible excesses of what some have described as “entrepreneurial lawyering” in class actions, it is best to recognize that lawyer-initiated proceedings are not just inevitable, given the costs involved, but can also represent a social good in the consumer class action setting. As Perrell J. wrote in one Ontario case, “the entrepreneurial nature of a class proceeding can be a good thing because it may be the vehicle for access to justice, judicial economy, and behaviour modification, which are all the driving policy goals of the Class Proceedings Act, 1992. Scholars have observed that, within the proper limits of ethical rules that bind all lawyers, courts should recognize that lawyer-initiated consumer class actions can be helpful to meet the access to justice policy goals of the modern law of civil procedure. In my view, the fact that lawyers play an important, even primary role in instituting a consumer class action is not in itself a bar to finding that the designated representative has the requisite interest in the suit. Where the personal stake of a consumer representative is small – here, the appellant was charged $250.81 for roaming, of which only a portion is alleged to be overpayment – it is often unrealistic to insist upon a consumer-initiated class action.
[103]    A lawyer-initiated consumer class action is not inherently incompatible with an acceptable solicitor-client relationship, nor does it mean that the client has “no control” over counsel. Article 1049 C.C.P. requires that a lawyer act for the representative. In our case, the appellant retains the authority to walk away from the class action, with permission of the court, and the lawyers cannot unilaterally “dismiss” the client as representative of the class. The judge was wrong to suggest that the fact that the lawyers chose their client here means that the appellant is an inadequate representative. As my colleague Dufresne, J.A. wrote in Fortier:
[147]   Cela dit, les juges peuvent déceler, à l’occasion, des indices qui laissent croire que les démarches ayant donné naissance à la requête portent fortement l’empreinte des avocats, mais cela ne discrédite pas nécessairement celui ou celle qui fait valoir une cause d’action qui apparaît suffisamment sérieuse alors que, sans lui, le groupe serait privé de l’exercice d’un droit.
[104]    Nothing in the record suggests that the appellant is not a genuine claimant and nothing suggests unethical conduct on the part of her counsel, either in the “investigative” stage of the case or after proceedings were instituted. I see nothing that would disqualify her by reason of the implication of her lawyers. In my view, denying her that status for that reason appears to contradict the policy basis upon which class actions are founded. If lawyers’ role is to be reconfigured in this setting, it strikes me that article 1003(d), as drafted, is not a sound basis for achieving that end. (Emphasis added)
On the issue of whether she was competent to represent the class adequately because of her knowledge of the claim, Justice Kasirer wrote:
[106]    The judge was harsh in his evaluation of the appellant’s comprehension of the class action. She misunderstood “un élément capital du syllogisme élaboré par les avocats” in that she did not grasp the means of calculating the $5 per MB threshold for membership in the class action (para. [155]). For the judge, the appellant’s mistake on this point “touche à l’essence” of the class action, and signalled that she did not understand “le raisonnement développé par les avocats au dossier” (para. [157]). She could not therefore offer adequate representation to members of the class.
[107]    Here again, respectfully stated, I find myself unable to agree with the judge.
[108]    It is best to recognize, as does the appellant herself in written argument, that she may not have a perfect sense of the intricacies of the class action. This is not, however, what the law requires. As one author observed, Quebec rules are less strict in this regard that certain other jurisdictions: not only does the petitioner not have to be typical of other class members, but courts have held that he or she “need not be perfect, ideal or even particularly assiduous”. A representative need not single-handedly master the finery of the proceedings and exhibits filed in support of a class action. When considered in light of recent Supreme Court decisions where issues were equally if not more complicated, this is undoubtedly correct: in Infineon, for example, the consumer was considered a competent representative to understand the basis of a claim for indirect harm caused down the chain of acquisition for the sale of computer memory hotly debated by the economists; in Vivendi, the issue turned on the unilateral change by the insurer of in calculations of health insurance benefits to retirees and their surviving spouses; in Marcotte, the debate centered on currency conversion charges imposed by credit card issuers. It would be unrealistic to require that the representative have a perfect understanding of such issues when he or she is assisted, perforce, by counsel and, generally speaking, expert reports will eventually be in the record to substantiate calculations of what constitutes exploitative roaming fees.
[109]    To my mind, this reading of article 1003(d) makes particular sense in respect of a consumer class action. Mindful of the vocation of the class action as a tool for access to justice, Professor Lafond has written that too stringent a measure of representative competence would defeat the purpose of consumer class actions. After reviewing the law on this point, my colleague Bélanger, J.A. observed in Lévesque v. Vidéotron, s.e.n.c., a consumer class action, that article 1003(d) does not impose an onerous burden to show the adequate character of representation: “[c]e faisant, la Cour suprême envoie un message plutôt clair quant au niveau de compétence requis pour être nommé représentant. Le critère est devenu minimaliste. In Jasmin v. Société des alcools du Québec, another consumer action, Dufresne, J.A. alluded to the Infineon standard and warned against evaluations of the adequacy of representation that are too onerous or too harsh, echoing an idea also spoken to by legal scholars.
[110]    In keeping with the “liberal approach” to the interpretation of article 1003(d), especially suited with the consumer class action, it suffices here that the appellant understand, as she has alleged, that she was billed a disproportionate amount for roaming because of the unfair difference between the amount charged and the real cost of the service to the respondent Fido. She must know that, like herself, others in the class, whether roaming in the U.S. or elsewhere, were also disproportionately billed, either with her own service provider or others who offer like services to Quebecers. She of course must see that her claim raises common questions with others in the class and that she is prepared to represent their interest and her own going forward.
[111]    The examination before plea suggests that she had this understanding:
Q.      [12] O.k. And when you say «the reason for being here», can you expand on that a little?
A.      Sure. Well, basically what has happened to me and what, I know that it happens quite often to a lot of people, is that I was charged very a large sum of money for roaming fees when I went away for a week to the United States last year and I basically, I mean, you know, I've used my phone a certain way, I knew that I was going to, you know, get charged a little bit but when I received my bill, it was, I was extremely shocked to see, you know, the actual, the bill that I was expected to pay. And this is why, when I heard from Bruce approached me about this, that's why I immediately came forward because it was, I think a lot of people basically have this situation happening to them every month. So that's why I'm here.
[112]    In addition, the appellant’s testimony indicates that she has a clear understanding of wireless services and international roaming data. She understands too that in order to succeed, she will have to establish the cost of roaming services and is prepared to join counsel in making efforts to obtain this information.
[113]    In my respectful view, the judge failed to apply the liberal standard called for by the Supreme Court, both by misapprehending the consequences of counsel’s initiatives and by requiring a level of understanding of the claim that is too harsh for a consumer class action. This is not an instance in which the adequacy of the representative is compromised in a manner that, to revert to the Infineon standard quoted above, “could not possibly proceed fairly”. Indeed, neither the judge nor the respondents in their arguments on appeal advance any serious suggestion that the fairness of the class action was threatened by the recognition of the appellant as class representative. Moreover, if ever the appellant were considered to no longer be in a position to represent the class members properly, the law provides a mechanism whereby she could be replaced by another member of the class at a later stage in the proceedings.
Finally, Justice Kasirer addressed a point raised by Respondents counsel regarding the impact that the decision of the Supreme Court in Marcotte on the issue of interest might have on whether a representative is considered adequate:

[115]    As a final point, counsel for the respondents argued that given the change in the law relating to standing since Marcotte, the rules on adequate representation in article 1003(d) should be more strictly enforced. In service of this argument, they point to dicta in the judgment of this Court in Marcotte where Dalphond, J.A. suggested that article 1003(d) stood as a protection against unmanageable or unfounded class actions against unconnected defendants. Indeed, one might argue that the adequacy of representation, as well as the common question requirement, might prove to be especially important on the facts of a given case where there are members of the class who, unlike the representative, have no direct cause of action against one or another defendant. But a new reading of articles 1003(a) and 1003(d) C.C.P. cannot be proposed in a manner that would revive the standing debate that Marcotte has put to rest. It might also be recalled in this context that Quebec does not have a typicality test for the representative, and that article 1003(d) should not be interpreted to create one. What is important, in the present case, is that the appellant plainly understood the allegation that, like her, consumers with other service providers paid for that service at unfair rates. And as we shall see in the next section, the common question requirement was met for all members of the class, including those with Telus or Bell contracts. (Emphasis added)

Friday, 13 May 2016

La proportionnalité et la saine administration de la justice peuvent militer en faveur de l’utilisation de l’action collective comme mécanisme procédural.

Par Jean-Michel Boudreau

Le 18 avril 2016, la Cour d’appel renversait, dans l’affaire Lambert (Gestion Peggy) c. Écolait ltée, 2016 QCCA 659, un jugement de l’honorable Micheline Perreault dans lequel elle avait rejeté la demande de la requérante d’exercer une action collective contre Écolait.

Dans son arrêt, la Cour d’appel commence par réprouver une décision interlocutoire de la Cour supérieure qui avait ordonné à la requérante de retirer les pièces au soutien de sa requête pour autorisation. Selon nous, le libellé de l’article 1002 sous l’ancien Code de procédure civile (maintenant 574 C.p.c.) ne portait pas à confusion et il est étonnant que la Cour supérieure ait refusé ainsi la production de pièces au soutien de la requête en autorisation, invoquant l’absence d’autorisation préalable du Tribunal. Comme l’écrit la juge Bélanger pour une Cour d’appel unanime:

[31] Il est utile de rappeler qu’une personne qui requiert l’autorisation d’exercer une action collective peut produire, au soutien de sa requête, les pièces qu’elle estime appropriées pour satisfaire son fardeau de démonstration, sans avoir à obtenir la permission pour ce faire.

[32] L’ancien article 1002 C.p.c., in fine (C-25), devenu 574 C.p.c. in fine (C-25.01), n’a jamais eu pour effet d’obliger un requérant à demander la permission pour déposer des pièces au soutien de sa requête pour autorisation.

Une autre affirmation de la Cour d’appel, d’un caractère moins évident, mérite aussi d’être soulignée. Nous savons depuis l’arrêt Vivendi Canada Inc. c. Dell’Aniello, 2014 CSC 1, que la proportionnalité ne constitue pas un cinquième critère indépendant à analyser en sus de ceux qui figurent à l’article 575 C.p.c (auparavant 1003 C.p.c.), mais que ce principe doit plutôt être pris en compte dans l’appréciation de chacun des quatre critères d’autorisation.

Il reste cependant à mesurer l’impact concret que pourrait avoir ce principe dans l’évaluation individuelle des quatre critères. Or, l’arrêt de la Cour d’appel fournit l’exemple d’un tel impact sur l’analyse du troisième critère. En vertu de ce dernier, l’action collective n’est justifiée que lorsque « la composition du groupe rend difficile ou peu pratique l'application des règles sur le mandat d'ester en justice pour le compte d'autrui ou sur la jonction d'instance » (art. 575 C.p.c.). La Cour d’appel s’exprime ainsi sur l’analyse de ce critère :

[57] Je fais miens les propos tenus par Me Yves Lauzon dans Le Grand collectif publié à l’occasion de l’entrée en vigueur du nouveau Code de procédure civile. Celui-ci expose que les facteurs habituellement considérés dans l’analyse de l’article 1003 c) C.p.c., maintenant le troisième paragraphe de 575 C.p.c., sont le nombre estimé de membres, la connaissance par le requérant de leur identité, de leurs coordonnées et de leur situation géographique. Il suggère toutefois que d’autres facteurs peuvent être considérés dont l’impact direct et déterminant sur la possibilité réelle pour les membres d’ester en justice, l’aspect financier étant un avantage important de l’action collective. Ainsi, le principe de la proportionnalité et une saine administration de la justice peuvent aussi militer en faveur de l’utilisation de l’action collective, malgré un nombre plus restreint de membres, selon les circonstances de l’affaire dont la valeur des réclamations.


(nous soulignons)